{"id":14272,"date":"2024-11-19T15:32:12","date_gmt":"2024-11-19T14:32:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/?p=14272"},"modified":"2024-11-19T15:32:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T14:32:14","slug":"a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/eternal-14272-a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon","title":{"rendered":"A Fekete Hal\u00e1l Magyarorsz\u00e1gon"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Johannes Kepler levelez\u00e9s\u00e9ben megjegyzi, hogy 1599 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen neh\u00e9z \u00e9v volt Magyarorsz\u00e1g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az akkori Buda lakosainak ruh\u00e1in \u00e9s n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9p\u00fcleten v\u00e9res kereszt jelent meg. A lakoss\u00e1g hamar meg\u00e9rtette: a Fekete Hal\u00e1l, vagyis a pestis \u00e9rkezett meg az orsz\u00e1gba. Tov\u00e1bbi r\u00e9szletek az <a href=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/\">ibudapest<\/a> oldalon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_74 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a837291924cf\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a837291924cf\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/eternal-14272-a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon\/#A_tenyek_es_a_babonas_felelmek\" >A t\u00e9nyek \u00e9s a babon\u00e1s f\u00e9lelmek<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/eternal-14272-a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon\/#A_Fekete_Halal_arca\" >A Fekete Hal\u00e1l arca<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/eternal-14272-a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon\/#A_pestis_Magyarorszagon_egy_tortenelmi_problema_tobb_aspektusa\" >A pestis Magyarorsz\u00e1gon: egy t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi probl\u00e9ma t\u00f6bb aspektusa<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/eternal-14272-a-fekete-halal-magyarorszagon\/#Az_%E2%80%9Eellenpestis%E2%80%9D_emlekmuvek\" >Az \u201eellenpestis\u201d eml\u00e9km\u0171vek<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_tenyek_es_a_babonas_felelmek\"><\/span>A t\u00e9nyek \u00e9s a babon\u00e1s f\u00e9lelmek<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nem tudni biztosan, honnan sz\u00e1rmaztak ezek a v\u00e9rkeresztek, \u00e9s Kepler helyesen \u00e9rtelmezte-e az esem\u00e9nyeket. Az azonban bizonyos, hogy a pestis val\u00f3ban lecsapott Magyarorsz\u00e1gra, \u00e9s s\u00falyosan megtizedelte az orsz\u00e1g lakoss\u00e1g\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A k\u00f6z\u00e9pkori Magyarorsz\u00e1gon az ilyen j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyokat gyakran term\u00e9szetfeletti jelens\u00e9gekkel hozt\u00e1k \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sbe, \u00e9s a pestist misztikus f\u00e9lelmek \u00f6vezt\u00e9k. Az emberek a hal\u00e1l \u00e1rny\u00e9k\u00e1ban megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k meg\u00e9rteni az esem\u00e9nyeket, \u00e9s el\u0151re jelezni a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny terjed\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pestist\u0151l val\u00f3 f\u00e9lelem \u00e9rthet\u0151 volt, hiszen ez a betegs\u00e9g minden m\u00e1s j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyn\u00e1l nagyobb puszt\u00edt\u00e1st v\u00e9gzett. Sem a demogr\u00e1fiai, sem a gazdas\u00e1gi hat\u00e1sai nem voltak \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edthat\u00f3k m\u00e1s j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyok\u00e9val. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a lepra, amely szint\u00e9n s\u00falyos fert\u0151z\u0151 betegs\u00e9g volt, j\u00f3val kevesebb magyar \u00e9letet k\u00f6vetelt, mint a pestis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Fekete_Halal_arca\"><\/span>A Fekete Hal\u00e1l arca<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"758\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224611\/1-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224611\/1-8.png 758w, https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224611\/1-8-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224611\/1-8-696x464.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pestis egy fert\u0151z\u0151 betegs\u00e9g, amelyet a <em>Yersinia pestis<\/em> bakt\u00e9rium okoz. Ez a k\u00f3rokoz\u00f3 \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban vadon \u00e9l\u0151 r\u00e1gcs\u00e1l\u00f3k szervezet\u00e9ben tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 meg, de bolhacs\u00edp\u00e9s \u00fatj\u00e1n emberekre is \u00e1tterjedhet. A pestis k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 form\u00e1kban jelentkezhet, amelyek k\u00f6z\u00fcl a legismertebb a bub\u00f3pestis. Ez a v\u00e1ltozat magas l\u00e1zzal \u00e9s duzzadt nyirokcsom\u00f3kkal j\u00e1r, \u00e9s az esetek 40-60%-\u00e1ban n\u00e9h\u00e1ny napon bel\u00fcl hal\u00e1lt okoz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A t\u00fcd\u0151pestis, amely a bakt\u00e9riumok t\u00fcd\u0151be ker\u00fcl\u00e9se ut\u00e1n alakul ki, szinte mindig hal\u00e1los, \u00e9s ak\u00e1r k\u00e9t napon bel\u00fcl v\u00e9gezhet a beteggel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pestis hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra sok magyar v\u00e1ros eln\u00e9ptelenedett. Az elhagyott ter\u00fcletek betelep\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00faj lakosokat fogadtak, \u00e1m az \u00f6r\u00f6m\u00f6t gyakran \u00e1rny\u00e9kolt\u00e1k a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny tov\u00e1bbterjed\u00e9s\u00e9vel kapcsolatos aggodalmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pestis k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen s\u00falyos k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyekkel j\u00e1rt, amikor m\u00e1s j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyokkal egyszerre l\u00e9pett fel. Az 1490-es \u00e9vekben p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul Magyarorsz\u00e1g hadserege t\u00f6r\u00f6kellenes hadj\u00e1ratokban vett r\u00e9szt, \u00e9s a pestist dizent\u00e9ria, szifilisz \u00e9s lepra k\u00eds\u00e9rte. Az ilyen \u201ebetegs\u00e9gegy\u00fcttesek\u201d szinte teljesen ellehetetlen\u00edtett\u00e9k az emberek mindennapi \u00e9let\u00e9t, \u00e9s hatalmas szenved\u00e9st okoztak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_pestis_Magyarorszagon_egy_tortenelmi_problema_tobb_aspektusa\"><\/span>A pestis Magyarorsz\u00e1gon: egy t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi probl\u00e9ma t\u00f6bb aspektusa<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"469\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224609\/2-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224609\/2-4.png 800w, https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224609\/2-4-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224609\/2-4-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.ibudapest.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2024\/11\/17224609\/2-4-696x408.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A XIV. sz\u00e1zadt\u00f3l kezdve a pestis rendszeresen visszat\u00e9rt Magyarorsz\u00e1gra. Az els\u0151 nagy j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny akkor t\u00f6rt ki, amikor Nagy Lajos kir\u00e1ly k\u00f6zvetlen tengeri kapcsolatot akart l\u00e9tes\u00edteni az eur\u00f3pai kereskedelmi k\u00f6zpontokkal, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul N\u00e1pollyal. 1348-1349 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a pestis p\u00e9ld\u00e1tlan puszt\u00edt\u00e1st v\u00e9gzett az orsz\u00e1gban, de a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny k\u00e9s\u0151bb enyh\u00fclt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A pestis azonban id\u0151r\u0151l id\u0151re visszat\u00e9rt Bud\u00e1ra, Pestre \u00e9s m\u00e1s magyar v\u00e1rosokba. Az utols\u00f3 nagy kit\u00f6r\u00e9sek 1720-ban \u00e9s 1738-ban t\u00f6rt\u00e9ntek, b\u00e1r kisebb j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyok m\u00e9g a XX. sz\u00e1zad elej\u00e9ig is el\u0151fordultak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Az_%E2%80%9Eellenpestis%E2%80%9D_emlekmuvek\"><\/span>Az \u201eellenpestis\u201d eml\u00e9km\u0171vek<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A barokk korszakban sok eml\u00e9km\u0171 k\u00e9sz\u00fclt a j\u00e1rv\u00e1nyok megsz\u0171n\u00e9s\u00e9nek eml\u00e9k\u00e9re, h\u00e1l\u00e1t adva a szentek k\u00f6zbenj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ezek k\u00f6z\u00fcl a legismertebb a budai Szenth\u00e1roms\u00e1g-oszlop, amelyet 1694-ben hagyott j\u00f3v\u00e1 Buda v\u00e1rosi tan\u00e1csa. Az \u00e9p\u00edtkez\u00e9st Ceresola Verejo \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9sz \u00e9s Bern\u00e1t Ferretti k\u0151farag\u00f3 vezette, \u00e9s az eml\u00e9km\u0171 1706-ban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt el.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amikor azonban 1709-ben a pestis ism\u00e9t puszt\u00edtani kezdett, a lakosok \u00fagy gondolt\u00e1k, hogy az eml\u00e9km\u0171 nem el\u00e9g \u201em\u00e9lt\u00f3\u201d a j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny megsz\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00e9hez. Ez\u00e9rt lebontott\u00e1k, \u00e9s hely\u00e9re egy nagyobb \u00e9s d\u00edszesebb oszlopot emeltek. Az \u00faj oszlopot F\u00fcl\u00f6p Ungleich szobr\u00e1sz \u00e9s Antal H\u00f6rger k\u0151farag\u00f3 k\u00e9sz\u00edtette, \u00e9s 1713-ban avatt\u00e1k fel. A t\u00f6bb mint 14 m\u00e9ter magas oszlopot sz\u00e1mos szent szobra d\u00edsz\u00edti, \u00e9s ma is eml\u00e9keztet az emberi \u00e9let t\u00f6r\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9re.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Johannes Kepler levelez\u00e9s\u00e9ben megjegyzi, hogy 1599 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen neh\u00e9z \u00e9v volt Magyarorsz\u00e1g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az akkori Buda lakosainak ruh\u00e1in \u00e9s n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9p\u00fcleten v\u00e9res kereszt jelent meg. A lakoss\u00e1g hamar meg\u00e9rtette: a Fekete Hal\u00e1l, vagyis a pestis \u00e9rkezett meg az orsz\u00e1gba. Tov\u00e1bbi r\u00e9szletek az ibudapest oldalon. A t\u00e9nyek \u00e9s a babon\u00e1s f\u00e9lelmek Nem tudni biztosan, honnan sz\u00e1rmaztak ezek [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":501,"featured_media":14279,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4876],"tags":[6102,6101,6104,6114,6113,6106,6103,6108,6109,6112,6107,6111,6100,6105,6110],"moimportance":[32,35],"motype":[4880],"moformat":[88],"class_list":["post-14272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-egeszseges","tag-barokk-emlekmuvek","tag-bubopestis-tunetei","tag-fekete-halal","tag-jarvanyok-hatasai","tag-kozepkori-egeszsegugy","tag-kozepkori-jarvanyok","tag-kozepkori-magyarorszag","tag-pestis-budan","tag-pestis-elleni-vedekezes","tag-pestis-emlekmuvek","tag-pestis-magyarorszagon","tag-pestisjarvany-tortenete","tag-szentharomsag-oszlop","tag-tudopestis","tag-yersinia-pestis","moimportance-golovna-novyna","moimportance-retranslyacziya-v-agregatory","motype-eternal","moformat-copywriting"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/501"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14272"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14282,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14272\/revisions\/14282"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14272"},{"taxonomy":"moimportance","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moimportance?post=14272"},{"taxonomy":"motype","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/motype?post=14272"},{"taxonomy":"moformat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibudapest.eu\/hu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/moformat?post=14272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}